{
  "schema": "vedokrok.public-item.v1",
  "release_id": "MHC-RPUB-20260920-75ad787a",
  "url": "/knowledge/framing-effect",
  "id": "MHC-U-9C0A00000003",
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "title": "Framing effect",
  "summary": "Ninety per cent success and ten per cent failure can describe the same result. Your choice may not treat them that way.",
  "kind": "concept",
  "body": "A frame changes how the same underlying information is described. If the choice moves while the outcomes stay equivalent, the wording may be doing part of the decision-making. First make sure the facts really are the same; different facts are not a framing effect.",
  "limits": [
    "Not every wording change preserves meaning. If the facts, population, outcomes, or time horizon changed, you are comparing different decisions.",
    "Do not use a bias label to diagnose or discredit a person."
  ],
  "topics": [
    "decision-making",
    "workplace-decisions"
  ],
  "intents": [
    "understand-a-decision"
  ],
  "source_ids": [
    "MHC-S-9C0A00000003"
  ],
  "evidence": [
    {
      "claim": "Tversky and Kahneman reported preference reversals when decision problems were described in different ways.",
      "source_id": "MHC-S-9C0A00000003",
      "role": "supports",
      "note": "Supports the scoped report of preference reversals; does not test the corpus procedure.",
      "locator": "Publisher/PubMed abstract"
    }
  ],
  "use_when": [
    "Use it when positive, negative, gain, or loss wording seems to change an otherwise comparable choice."
  ],
  "avoid_when": [
    "Not every wording change preserves meaning. If the facts, population, outcomes, or time horizon changed, you are comparing different decisions."
  ],
  "example": "A plan is described as succeeding in 90 of 100 comparable cases, then as failing in 10 of the same 100 cases. The arithmetic matches; the emotional emphasis does not.",
  "check": "Rewrite the option in a neutral or opposite frame without changing outcomes, probabilities, population, or time period. Does your preference change, and why?",
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "MHC-S-9C0A00000003",
      "title": "The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice",
      "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7455683",
      "authors": [
        "Amos Tversky",
        "Daniel Kahneman"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "relations": [],
  "collections": [
    {
      "id": "MHC-B-9C0A00000001",
      "title": "Check a decision before you commit",
      "url": "/collections/check-a-decision-before-you-commit"
    }
  ]
}